European Economic Letters (EEL)
type: channel
description: European Economic Letters Publication Frequency: Quarterly (Online) ISSN: 2323-5233 ISSN-L: 2323-5233 Publisher: European Economics Letters Group Email: editor@eelet.org.uk European Economic Letters (EEL) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research in economics and related disciplines. The journal provides a platform for the dissemination of original theoretical, empirical, and policy-oriented research with a particular emphasis on issues relevant to Europe and the global economy. Aims & Scope EEL publishes rigorous and innovative contributions in a wide range of economic fields, including: Applied Macroeconomics Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth Econometrics (Theoretical and Applied) Financial Economics Health, Education, and Welfare Economics International Economics Public Economics The journal encourages submissions that demonstrate methodological rigor, empirical relevance, and policy impact, contributing to both academic research and practical economic decision-making. Peer Review Process All manuscripts submitted to EEL undergo a single-blind peer review process, ensuring objectivity, transparency, and academic integrity. Each submission is: Evaluated through an initial editorial screening Reviewed by independent subject experts Assessed based on originality, quality, and relevance The editorial team aims to provide a first decision within approximately 8–12 weeks, ensuring an efficient and fair review process. Editorial Standards EEL is supported by an international network of economists and researchers. The journal is committed to: Maintaining high academic and editorial standards Ensuring transparency in editorial decisions Promoting global diversity in authorship and research Publication Policy The journal publishes two issues per year A limited number of articles are selected per issue based on quality and relevance Abstracting & Indexing European Economic Letters is i…
publisher: European Economic Letters
language: en-US
publication name: European Economic Letters (EEL)
issn: 2323-5233
items: Impact of Financial Sector Reforms on Economic Growth in Emerging Economies
items: Role of Digital Finance in Strengthening Economic Stability and Inclusion
items: Role of Inclusive Human Resource Management in Managing Diversity: A Key to Employee Self efficacy
items: “Impact of a Workplace-Based Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge of Mental Health Resources and Burnout Prevention among Hospital Nursing Staff: A Quasi-Experimental Study.”
items: "Knowledge and Skill Enhancement through BLS and ACLS Education among Nursing Officers"
items: Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Varicose Veins Among School Teachers of Selected Schools at Udaipur
items: Evaluation Of The Dual Income Tax Regime In India: A Comparative Study Of Taxpayer Preferences
items: Marketing Strategy in Emerging Economies: Opportunities, Innovations, and Startup Perspectives in Developing Market Environments
items: Retracted
items: An Empirical Study on Critical Success Factors Influencing Health Insurance Purchase Decisions
items: Digital Transformation and the Crisis of News Credibility in India
items: Impact of Freebies on Economic Growth and Social Development
items: Exploring Gender Bias Against Women in STEM: A Qualitative Case Study Analysis
items: Understanding the Consequences of Job Insecurity: Evidence from Indian Software Engineers
items: AI-Enabled Learning Platforms and Their Impact on Faculty Skill Development and Productivity: Evidence from Arts and Science Colleges in Coimbatore District
items: Readiness Of Indian Accounting Firms for Artificia Intelligence Integration: A Structural Assessment Using a Composite Ai Readiness Index
items: An Empirical Study Of Job Satisfaction Among Building Construction Workers In Palakkad District, Kerala
items: Impact Of Key Performance Indicators On Faculty Career Advancement In Higher Education Institutions In Coimbatore
items: A Study On Role Of Public And Private Sector Tourism Development: An Analytical Approach
items: Using Blockchain and AI to Track Organic Products: Challenges, Opportunities, and Consumer Willingness to Pay in South Tamil Nadu
items: Reconstructing Teacher Education through the Taxonomy of Educational Skills: A Conceptual Framework for Future Educators
items: Driving Growth and Sustainability: The Role of Green HRM Practices in Msmes
items: Applications Of Graph Theory In Modern Communication Networks
items: Global Implications of Tariff Wars and its Impact on International Trade
items: Beyond Capital: How Venture Investments Drive Innovation and Economic Growth in India's Startup Economy
items: From Automation to Augmentation: The Role of AI in Strategic Decision-Making
items: Teachers as Digital Facilitators: Training Needs in ICT-Enhanced Education
items: Teacher 2.0: The Changing Role of Educators in the Age of Intelligent EdTech
items: Behavioural Finance Perspectives on Digital Investment Platforms
items: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern HR Practices

Impact of Financial Sector Reforms on Economic Growth in Emerging Economies
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between financial sector reforms and economic growth in emerging economies from 2020 to 2025. The research examines five major emerging markets—India, China, Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa—to assess how banking sector reforms, financial liberalization, and institutional strengthening influence GDP growth trajectories. Utilizing secondary data from World Bank, IMF, and central bank repositories, this study employs descriptive statistical analysis and comparative assessment methodologies. The hypothesis posits that comprehensive financial sector reforms positively correlate with sustained economic growth in emerging markets. Results from six statistical tables demonstrate significant variations in reform outcomes across countries, with India showing 7.8% GDP growth in Q2 2025 following extensive digital financial reforms. China maintained moderate 4.6-5.0% growth amid structural adjustments, while Indonesia achieved consistent 5.0% expansion. The findings reveal that financial inclusion initiatives, banking sector capitalization, and regulatory frameworks significantly impact economic performance. Discussion highlights the critical role of monetary policy reforms and institutional quality in determining reform effectiveness. The study concludes that well-sequenced financial sector reforms, coupled with macroeconomic stability, constitute essential drivers of sustainable economic growth in emerging economies.
creator: Jayashree Badal, Garima Raghuwanshi, Manoj Kumar Mishra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 01
ending page: 09

Role of Digital Finance in Strengthening Economic Stability and Inclusion
type: item
description: The concept of digital finance has become a revolutionary event in the Indian economic environment, which has radically reformed access to finance and financial stability. In this paper, the authors describe the various aspects of digital finance about enhancing economic stability and financial inclusion in India by conducting holistic analysis of empirical evidence between the period 2021 and 2025. The study utilizes quantitative research design, which involves the use of secondary data of reserve bank of India, national payments corporation of India and ministry of finance databases. The hypothesis is that digital finance interventions improve the economic stability as well as the outcomes of financial inclusions significantly. Findings indicate stunning improvement in the Financial Inclusion Index which increases by 24.3 percent between March 2021 and March 2025 (53.9 to 67.0). UPI transactions were 228.3 billion worth Rs 300 lakh crore and PMJDY accounts increased to 56.16 crore with deposits of Rs 2.67 lakh crore. Statistical results indicate that there are significant positive correlations between the digital payment adoption and GDP growth, the banking penetration and economic stability indicators, and the expansion of the digital infrastructure with the reduction of poverty. It is discussed that digital finance is a key facilitator of inclusive growth by lowering transaction costs, increasing transparency, and better access to formal financial services. The paper concludes that the digital finance ecosystem in India has been effective in enhancing economic stability as well as financial inclusion to make the country a global leader in digital payments and establishing sustainable avenues to economic empowerment.
creator: Garima Raghuwanshi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 10
ending page: 19

Role of Inclusive Human Resource Management in Managing Diversity: A Key to Employee Self efficacy
type: item
description: Best practices in the human resource department are needed to develop the strategies for recruitment, training, and performance management by making use of inclusive practices, by collaborating and monitoring on a regular basis to overcome various challenges and resistance of the workforce. In an era of technological innovations, digitization, and societal advancement, the inclusive HR practices across the employee life cycle for recruitment, training, motivation, and retention are of utmost importance. This can be done through creating an ecosystem following the principle of inclusive culture in processes and policies to manage the diversities at the workplace.Human Resource Management (HRM) practices are designed and executed for professional efficiency, workforce participation for the development, and seizing the opportunities to create the best. There is a need to embrace a culture of continuous learning and following the principles of equity, cooperation, and collaboration for doing the activities in the organisation.
creator: Pooja Talwar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 20
ending page: 29

“Impact of a Workplace-Based Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge of Mental Health Resources and Burnout Prevention among Hospital Nursing Staff: A Quasi-Experimental Study.”
type: item
description: Background: Nurses face high rates of occupational stress and burnout. Knowledge of available mental health resources and strategies for burnout prevention is critical for well-being and retention. This study evaluated the effect of a workplace-based structured teaching program (STP) on nurses' knowledge of mental health resources and burnout prevention strategies. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest study was conducted among 132 nurses at Krishna Super Speciality Hospital, Kanpur. A structured teaching program (STP) of four weekly sessions addressed burnout recognition, mental health resources, self-care, and peer support. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Mean knowledge scores increased from 10.8 ± 3.6 (43.2%) at baseline to 18.4 ± 3.1 (73.6%) post-intervention (p < 0.001), with retention at 16.2 ± 3.7 (64.8%) after three months. Confidence in accessing mental health resources improved from 28% to 76%. Conclusion: The STP significantly enhanced and sustained nurses’ knowledge and confidence regarding mental health resources and burnout prevention. Incorporating such programs into workplace wellbeing initiatives is recommended.
creator: Deepak Suwalka, Rohit Avasthi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 30
ending page: 35
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4354

"Knowledge and Skill Enhancement through BLS and ACLS Education among Nursing Officers"
type: item
description: Background: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) are critical emergency care skills that significantly influence patient survival outcomes. Continuous education and training enhance nurses’ competency and confidence in managing cardiac emergencies. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was adopted. The study was conducted among 60 nursing officers at RUHS Hospital Jaipur,, Rajasthan. A structured questionnaire (25 items) assessed knowledge and a standardized checklist (20 items) assessed skill performance in simulated emergency settings. The intervention consisted of a two-day educational program including lectures, demonstrations, and return demonstrations. Results: The mean pretest knowledge score was 12.43 ± 2.75, which increased to 20.18 ± 2.14 post-intervention. The mean skill score improved from 8.96 ± 3.11 to 17.62 ± 2.03 after training. A significant difference was observed between pretest and posttest scores for both knowledge and skill (p < 0.001). No significant association was found between pretest knowledge and demographic variables such as age, gender, or years of experience. Conclusion: The educational intervention was highly effective in enhancing both knowledge and skill regarding BLS and ACLS among nursing officers. Regular training and periodic refresher courses are recommended to maintain competence and confidence in handling cardiac emergencies.
creator: Pawan Kumar, Rohit Avasthi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 36
ending page: 39
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4355

Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Varicose Veins Among School Teachers of Selected Schools at Udaipur
type: item
description: Background: Varicose veins are a common occupational hazard among professionals exposed to prolonged standing. Occupational groups such as nurses, school teachers and traffic police officers etc are at highest risk so preventive education is essential to decrease complications. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a Structured teaching programme in improving knowledge regarding prevention of varicose veins among school teachers. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was used among 60 participants. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using paired t-test. Results: Mean post-test knowledge scores 22.5 (75%) were significantly higher than pre-test scores 8 (26.7%) the ‘t’ value of 28.43 is significantly higher than the tabular value 2.00 at 0.05 level of significance, indicating effectiveness of structured teaching programme. Conclusion: STP significantly improved knowledge regarding prevention of varicose veins among school teachers
creator: Pradeep Purohit, Rohit Avasthi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 40
ending page: 45
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4356

Evaluation Of The Dual Income Tax Regime In India: A Comparative Study Of Taxpayer Preferences
type: item
description: This paper aims to examine the impact of India’s dual income tax system on the decision-making behavior of individual taxpayers. The primary aim of the study is to examine the behavior of salaried employees in choosing between the old tax regime and the new tax regime. The factors influencing their behavior would also be identified. This paper is based on a sample size of 200 salaried employees in Bangalore. The research design adopted in this paper is descriptive and analytical in nature. The primary data was collected through structured questionnaires. Relevant information was also collected through secondary sources. Statistical methods such as Chi-square tests, ANOVA tests, and correlation tests were employed to analyze the data. The results show that the majority of the respondents still prefer the old tax regime because of the availability of deductions and exemptions. The new tax regime is preferred by those who prefer simple and easy tax compliance. The results also show that the level of income is one of the factors that affect the tax regime preference. There is a difference in the tax regime preference at different levels of income. Taxpayer awareness is also one of the factors that affect tax regime preference. Higher levels of tax awareness result in more confident decisions. The results show that tax regime preference is affected by factors other than financial factors. Behavioral factors such as ease, familiarity, and risk also affect tax regime preference. Taxpayer education should be improved to help taxpayers make informed decisions in the dual tax system in India.
creator: Salma Begum, Meghana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 46
ending page: 55
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4358

Marketing Strategy in Emerging Economies: Opportunities, Innovations, and Startup Perspectives in Developing Market Environments
type: item
description: The Emerging economies present significant growth potential for businesses due to expanding consumer markets, rapid digital adoption, and increasing entrepreneurial activity. However, firms operating in these environments face persistent constraints, including infrastructure gaps, regulatory uncertainty, price-sensitive consumers, and diverse socio-cultural contexts. This study examines marketing strategies suited to developing market environments, highlighting opportunities, operational challenges, and innovative approaches adopted by businesses to remain competitive. Particular attention is given to startups, which increasingly leverage digital platforms, social commerce, community-based engagement, and localized marketing to overcome resource limitations and build customer trust. The study underscores how innovation in distribution, mobile-first communication, and cost-effective digital promotion enables firms to access underserved markets while adapting to local consumer behavior. The findings contribute to understanding how businesses, especially startups, can design resilient marketing strategies that balance affordability, accessibility, and technological innovation in emerging economies. The research offers insights for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and scholars seeking to strengthen sustainable business growth in developing market contexts.
creator: G. Suguna Valli, K. Latha, S. Heram
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 56
ending page: 64

Retracted
type: item
description: Retracted
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 65
ending page: 83
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4363

An Empirical Study on Critical Success Factors Influencing Health Insurance Purchase Decisions
type: item
description: Health insurance has become one of the essential tools of financial protection against health shocks, especially in developing economies with high out-of-pocket medical expenditure. The study aims to investigate the critical success factors of health insurance purchasing decisions by individual consumers. Using primary data obtained through a structured questionnaire, the survey was conducted for 185 respondents. It is carried out for Nashik city. The study evaluates the relationship of the constructs perceived risk (because there are some who perceive further or realized risk in these products, and also the possibility that these products are risk-prone), awareness and knowledge (as several who may be unaware or knowledgeable about these products and are often unknowledgeable the complete scope of these products), premium affordability, trust in insurance provider, quality of service, claim settlement experience and policy benefit on purchase intention and purchase behavior. The study used a quantitative research design and applied statistical tools such as descriptive analysis, reliability test, correlation, and regression analysis to identify the relative impact of each factor. The results show that confidence on insurers', clarity of policy phrase, & efficiency of claim settlement processes are weighed more over purchase intention, pricing of premiums, & value of the coverage perceived. The results provide the valuable insights for the insurance companies, policymakers, and regulators to create focus-based products, offer better transparency, and strengthen outreach plans to increase insurance penetration.
creator: Poonam G. Ingle, Sachin Pachorkar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 84
ending page: 95
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4364

Digital Transformation and the Crisis of News Credibility in India
type: item
description: The digital revolution has significantly transformed the structure, working methods, and impact of today's journalism in India. The rapid growth of digital platforms has eroded the traditional dominance of Hindi television news channels, transforming them into a competitive, algorithm-driven, and engagement-focused media ecosystem. While digital transformation has improved instant information, reach, and audience engagement, it has also raised concerns about journalistic credibility, misinformation, sensationalism, ideology, and declining ethical standards. This study uses a quantitative survey-based research design to examine the impact of digital transformation on the credibility of major Hindi television news channels. The results reveal a significant shift in audience preferences toward digital platforms, particularly social media, for daily news consumption. Furthermore, trust in both television and digital news formats has declined significantly. Key factors contributing to this credibility crisis include algorithmic amplification, speed-oriented reporting practices, commercial pressure, and political polarization. This study highlights the urgent need for ethical recalibration, editorial accountability, rigorous fact-checking mechanisms, and responsible digital engagement strategies to rebuild public trust. By providing empirical insights into audience behavior and perceptions, this research contributes to the ongoing scholarly debate on media credibility and offers strategic suggestions for maintaining journalistic integrity in an increasingly fragmented digital information environment.
creator: Tushar Sharma, Ram Sunder Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 96
ending page: 102

Impact of Freebies on Economic Growth and Social Development
type: item
description: Freebies (free cash and free facilities) has a very long history, but it became a major concern since last decade and specially after 2021. Some people think these are necessary for the poor, but experts warn that this can destroy the economy. This research paper looks at the histoical, constitutional, societal, and economic effects of freebies using new data and court observations. Free cash schemes like Ladli Behna, Ladki Bahin, Maiyan Samman, Subhadra is a new challenge for the society, for the government, for the administration and many more. Every election in India introduces new schemes like this and creates a burden on the treasury. It is not just a financial challenge. Gradually it is also causing social, industrial, developmental, and some other challenges. These schemes are aiming to enhance their social and economic well-being. While such welfare measures offer short-term relief and promote temporary empowerment, they also raise concerns about fiscal sustainability and economic dependency. This study investigates the economic and social implications of freebies through a focused analysis of LBY. Using content analysis of news articles, reports, and editorials from Dainik Bhaskar and Free Press Journal. Heavy fiscal burden along with borrowing pressures, reduced infrastructure investment, and increased the beneficiary dependency. The study concludes that while LBY contributes positively in short term, but it creates long-term fiscal challenges that may affect nation in multiple ways.
creator: Pritesh Gupta, Ram Sunder Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 103
ending page: 110

Exploring Gender Bias Against Women in STEM: A Qualitative Case Study Analysis
type: item
description: The increasing amount of artificial intelligence (AI) employed within STEM ecosystem are raising many concerns for businesses using algorithm-based decision-making systems that are shown to embed gender-related biases. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze whether AI methods of recruiting, evaluating, and promoting individuals may re-introduce or increase structural disparities among genders within STEM fields. This research is grounded in socio-technical systems theory; thus, the researcher defines algorithmic bias as being structural in nature and caused by historically biased datasets, proxy variables, and optimization models, placing predictive accuracy over distributional equality. The methodology included qualitative, integrative research techniques that included a structured review of literature, as well as an analytic review of case studies of biased AI implementation in industry. A comparative analysis of fairness-aware design methodologies, debiasing strategies, and governance modalities was used to help assess their effectiveness in reducing bias. While the results indicate that technical fairness interventions produce statistically significant reductions in measurement biases such as statistical parity and corresponding opportunities, the researchers conclude that they are inadequate without implementing corresponding institutional and governance reforms. The analysis determined that the long-term reduction of gender biases existing in AI systems requires a holistic strategy that includes technical redesigning, inclusive data governance practices, and accountability from organizations. Finally, the researcher presents a theoretically integrated conceptual model for creating an equity-based AI design and implementation framework within STEM ecosystem.
creator: Kyra Anand
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 111
ending page: 123

Understanding the Consequences of Job Insecurity: Evidence from Indian Software Engineers
type: item
description: Era marked by rapid technological disruption and heightened workforce volatility, job insecurity has emerged as a salient psychological stressor, particularly in knowledge-intensive sectors. This study investigates the correlational relationships between job insecurity and key employee outcomes job satisfaction, turnover intention, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and positive affectivity among 287 software engineers employed across five major IT hubs in India. Adopting a cross-sectional survey design and using validated psychometric instruments, Pearson correlation analysis was applied to assess associations. Results reveal a significant negative correlation between job insecurity and job satisfaction (r = - 0.18, p < .01), and significant positive correlations with turnover intention (r = 0.21, p < .01), OCB (r = 0.32, p < .01), and positive affectivity (r = 0.19, p < .01). Notably, the positive relationship between job insecurity and OCB indicates potential compensatory or impression management behaviors under perceived threat. The results provide a subtle and balanced understanding of job insecurity, indicating that it may generate both negative and adaptive reactions, depending on individual characteristics and contextual conditions. This study contributes to the literature by contextualizing the dual-path effects of job insecurity within the Indian IT sector, offering insights for human resource policy and managerial practices in high-uncertainty environments.
creator: Kumkum Singh, Raghavendra Pratap Singh , Yogershi Rajpoot
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Economic Letters (EEL)
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 124
ending page: 135
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4370

AI-Enabled Learning Platforms and Their Impact on Faculty Skill Development and Productivity: Evidence from Arts and Science Colleges in Coimbatore District
type: item
description: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into higher education has transformed teaching and academic practices through the emergence of AI-enabled learning platforms. These platforms support personalized learning, automated assessment, and data-driven academic decision-making, thereby influencing faculty performance. The present study examines the impact of AI-enabled learning platforms on skill enhancement and productivity among faculty members of Arts and Science colleges in Coimbatore District. Primary data were collected from 120 faculty members using a structured questionnaire. The study employs descriptive statistics to assess awareness and usage patterns, Exploratory Factor Analysis to identify underlying dimensions of AI platform usage and skill enhancement, and Structural Equation Modeling to examine the relationships among AI-enabled learning platforms, faculty skill development, and productivity. The findings indicate that effective use of AI-powered learning platforms significantly enhances faculty digital competence, pedagogical effectiveness, and research capability, which in turn positively influences teaching efficiency and academic productivity. The study highlights the importance of institutional support and positive faculty attitudes in promoting successful AI adoption. The results offer valuable insights for higher education institutions in designing policies and training initiatives to improve faculty performance through AI-driven learning technologies.
creator: Mr. Shanmuga Prabhu J, R Preetha Rajendran
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 136
ending page: 140

Readiness Of Indian Accounting Firms for Artificia Intelligence Integration: A Structural Assessment Using a Composite Ai Readiness Index
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is swiftly revolutionizing the accounting industry by automating repetitive tasks, facilitating predictive analytics, and enhancing regulatory compliance procedures. Prominent global accounting networks have already incorporated AI-driven auditing, analytics, and advisory platforms into their service offerings. Nevertheless, there has been limited research into the preparedness of accounting firms in emerging markets, especially in India, for AI integration. This study seeks to fill this void by creating an Artificial Intelligence Readiness Index (AIRI) to assess the readiness of Indian accounting firms for AI adoption. The research is based on the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework and the Resource-Based View (RBV), which together encompass technological capabilities, organizational resources, and environmental pressures that affect AI readiness. Methodologically, the study develops a composite index utilizing standardized secondary indicators that represent technological infrastructure, organizational competencies, and regulatory–market conditions. These indicators are combined to calculate the AIRI, yielding a quantitative assessment of firm-level readiness. A regression-based structural analysis is subsequently employed to explore the relationships between readiness dimensions and their influence on competitive capability. The study contributes by offering a replicable framework for assessing AI readiness in professional service firms. By expanding the TOE model and incorporating insights from the RBV, the research enhances the understanding of digital transformation readiness while providing a practical benchmarking tool for firm leaders, regulators, and policymakers.
creator: Kishore Bezawada, Gopi Unnam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 141
ending page: 154
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4377

An Empirical Study Of Job Satisfaction Among Building Construction Workers In Palakkad District, Kerala
type: item
description: The construction sector plays a vital role in the economic development of Kerala, employing a large segment of the workforce. This study examines the level of job satisfaction among construction workers in Kerala, focusing on key factors such as workplace safety, overtime wages, working environment, and interpersonal relationships. The study is based on primary data collected from 200 construction workers, and statistical tools such as descriptive analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were employed. The findings indicate that workers are generally satisfied with overtime wage payments and relationships with employers and co-workers. However, only moderate satisfaction is observed in areas such as safety, hygiene, and overall working conditions. The demographic profile shows a predominantly male workforce with low educational levels and varied income groups. The study also reveals that job satisfaction significantly differs based on demographic factors like gender, age, education, and income. It highlights the need for improved working conditions and targeted welfare measures.
creator: Chaithanya U
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 155
ending page: 166
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4384

Impact Of Key Performance Indicators On Faculty Career Advancement In Higher Education Institutions In Coimbatore
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) on faculty career advancement in selected higher education institutions in Coimbatore. KPIs such as teaching performance, research productivity, professional development, and institutional contribution are widely used to evaluate faculty performance and determine promotions. The study aims to analyze the relationship between KPI performance and career progression among faculty members. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha. Statistical tools such as Chi-square and correlation analysis were applied to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that KPI performance has a significant impact on faculty career advancement, particularly in the areas of research output and professional development. The study concludes that while KPI-based evaluation systems promote transparency and merit-based growth, institutional support and balanced performance criteria are essential for effective faculty career development.
creator: Ms Sudeepa K S, Dr G Manokaran
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Economic Letters (EEL)
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 167
ending page: 172

A Study On Role Of Public And Private Sector Tourism Development: An Analytical Approach
type: item
description: The article examined the role, issues and the partnership of the two industries to enhance tourism infrastructure, services and sustainability. This study examines the role of public and private sector participation in the tourism development of Hassan District, Karnataka. Tourism has emerged as a significant contributor to regional economic growth, employment generation, and cultural preservation. Hassan District is a very culturally endowed region and it relies heavily on tourism as a key source of economic development in the region. The article analytically looks at the role of both the public and the private sector in development of tourism in the district. Hassan has emerged as a major tourist attraction because of its history, architecture and religious significance. The study focused on understanding how collaborative efforts between government bodies and private enterprises influence the development and promotion of tourism in the district. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Primary data were collected from 200 respondents using a structured questionnaire based on convenient sampling. The respondents included tourists, local residents, and stakeholders associated with tourism activities. The study analyzes key factors such as infrastructure development, heritage conservation, policy formulation, and promotion and marketing initiatives undertaken by both sectors. The findings revealed that both public and private sectors play a vital role in enhancing tourism development. While the public sector contributes through policy support, infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks, the private sector enhances service quality, innovation, and marketing efficiency. However, the level of awareness and perception varies among respondents based on demographic factors. The study concludes that effective coordination and partnership between public and private sectors are essential for sustainable tourism development. It also suggests strengthening publi…
creator: Shruthi D. B, Poornima Karthikeyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 173
ending page: 186
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4391

Using Blockchain and AI to Track Organic Products: Challenges, Opportunities, and Consumer Willingness to Pay in South Tamil Nadu
type: item
description: The nature of organic products is susceptible to the fraud and verification failure as one cannot directly observe the credence attributes of the product. A fragmented value chain and a lack of digitalisation in the emerging market environments compound the supply chain tracing sights, posing a risk to price premiums and brand loyalty. This paper explores whether traceability and AI-supported quality assurance supported by blockchain can fetch quantifiable price premises in South Tamil Nadu. The discrete choice experiment with mixed logit, latent class, and integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) modelling is utilized on a stratified consumer sample (n = 562). The findings indicate that third-party audit and public ledger disclosure are the most priced (18.5%), then blockchain traceability (14.8%), and AI-based quality prediction (11.2%). The hybrid model indicates that transparency has positive impact on trust (g = 0.61, p < 0.001), and trust has a positive impact on utility (b = 0.29, p < 0.001), which means that willingness to pay is 26 percent (high trust) as compared to 9 percent (low trust). The paper has a value addition in that the trust is directly implemented in a valuation system, signalling theory is furthered by using verifiable digital processes, and district-level evidence is given on how digital traceability is governed in organic supply chains.
creator: S. Rakesh Kumar, R. Thangasundari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 187
ending page: 203

Reconstructing Teacher Education through the Taxonomy of Educational Skills: A Conceptual Framework for Future Educators
type: item
description: Teacher education in the twenty-first century entails strategic revamp to address the intricate cognitive, socio-emotional, technological, and ethical demands of cutting-edge classrooms. Conventional approaches of teacher preparation have largely accentuated theoretical knowledge procurement, often overlooking hierarchical skill development and proficiency incorporation. This conceptual paper recommends a reconstructed framework for teacher education grounded in the principles of educational skill taxonomy, specifically drawing upon insights from Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives and its revision by Lorin Anderson and David Krathwohl. By fusing cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains within teacher preparation, the study develops a multifaceted conceptual framework for future educators. Using qualitative policy review, theoretical analysis, and synthesis of contemporary teaching proficiency benchmark, the paper maps teacher education aspects to hierarchical skill structures. It suggests a five-dimensional Taxonomy-Integrated Teacher Education Framework (TITEF) comprising cognitive mastery, reflective-ethical orientation, pedagogical design competence, technological fluency, and transformative professional agency. The study asserts that coordinating curriculum design, assessment strategies, practicum experiences, and professional development with skill taxonomies increase consistency, accountability, and performance - focused preparation. The paper concludes that rebuilding teacher education through a taxonomy-based approach fortifies competency progression, ensures measurable learning outcomes, and fosters adaptive expertise necessary for dynamic educational environments. Recommendations for curriculum planners, policymakers, and teacher educators are provided to facilitate implementation.
creator: Sayantika Bhattacharjee, Prem Shankar Srivastava
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 204
ending page: 220
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4409

Driving Growth and Sustainability: The Role of Green HRM Practices in Msmes
type: item
description: The research paper explores the role of Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) practices in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), focusing on their potential to drive growth and sustainability. As organizations face increasing pressure to adopt environmentally sustainable practices, the study highlights how Green HRM can serve as a strategic tool for MSMEs, which often lack the resources of larger firms. The paper investigates specific Green HRM practices such as green recruitment, eco-friendly workplace initiatives, and sustainability-driven employee engagement. The research aims to assess the alignment of these practices with MSMEs' environmental goals and their impact on employee satisfaction, productivity, and organizational performance. Additionally, the study evaluates the environmental benefits of Green HRM, such as energy consumption reduction, waste minimization, and resource efficiency improvement. By integrating sustainability into their human resource functions, MSMEs can not only contribute to environmental preservation but also gain a competitive advantage in a market increasingly focused on sustainability. The study used a sample size of 246 respondents from the northern part of India, with data collected through a structured questionnaire administered via stratified random sampling. The research framework was analysed using Smart PLS-4.0 software, utilizing the partial least squares approach and structural equation modelling technique. The findings offer valuable insights into how MSMEs can effectively implement Green HRM to achieve both business success and positive environmental outcomes.
creator: Kiran Chauhan, Poonam Bhatt
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-05-20
publication date: 2026-05-20
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 221
ending page: 230
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4411

Applications Of Graph Theory In Modern Communication Networks
type: item
description: Graph Theory is an important branch of mathematics that deals with the study of graphs consisting of vertices and edges. In recent years, graph theory has gained significant importance in the field of modern communication networks due to its ability to model and analyze complex network structures efficiently. The present study titled “Applications of Graph Theory in Modern Communication Networks” focuses on understanding the role of graph theoretic concepts and algorithms in improving communication systems and network performance. Communication networks such as computer networks, internet systems, mobile communication, wireless sensor networks, and social networking platforms can be represented mathematically using graph structures. In these systems, devices such as routers, computers, and switches are represented as vertices, while communication links are represented as edges. The study examines important graph theoretic concepts including shortest path algorithms, spanning trees, graph coloring, connectivity, and network optimization. Mathematical equations such as Euler’s formula, adjacency matrix representation, and shortest path calculations are also discussed to explain the functioning of communication systems. The research is descriptive and analytical in nature and is mainly based on secondary data collected from books, journals, research papers, and online academic resources related to graph theory and communication networks. Analytical tables are used to interpret network efficiency, routing performance, and communication reliability. The findings of the study reveal that graph theory plays a vital role in reducing communication costs, improving connectivity, minimizing congestion, and increasing data transmission efficiency. The study concludes that graph theory provides a strong mathematical foundation for modern communication technologies and contributes significantly to the development of advanced communication systems such as wireless networks, cloud …
creator: Dr. Chaganti Prameela Rani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 European Economic Letters (EEL)
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 231
ending page: 241

Global Implications of Tariff Wars and its Impact on International Trade
type: item
description: There are multiple consequences of trade protectionism in the modern economy. By making use of qualitative evaluation of academic literature and statistical- based data, the research expands on how these policies and their outcomes can create ruptures in supply chains globally, along with rising prices. However, the findings also imply that despite the many negative externalities of these conflicts, they are certain benefits, as they may urge countries to form newer alliances and broaden their trade margins. Overall, the study suggests a more analytical structure to build resilience through the creation of partnerships and a more adaptable global market. Hence, the research acts as a directory for MNCs hoping to survive the highly competitive and unpredictable international market.
creator: Naisha Tibrewal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 242
ending page: 249
doi: 10.52783/eel.v16i2.4417

Beyond Capital: How Venture Investments Drive Innovation and Economic Growth in India's Startup Economy
type: item
description: This research paper examines the impact of venture capital (VC) investments on innovation and economic growth in India through a qualitative analysis of 75 investee firms across diverse sectors. Using a mixed-methods approach combining structured questionnaires with statistical analysis, the study reveals strong positive correlations between VC investments and both innovation outcomes (r=0.711, p<0.001) and economic growth indicators (r=0.774, p<0.001). The findings demonstrate that VC investments have been instrumental in supporting product innovation (100% of respondents), enabling market expansion (98.7%), and facilitating skilled workforce recruitment (97.3%). However, respondents also identified significant challenges including limited exit opportunities (97.3%), market volatility (94.7%), and stringent eligibility criteria (89.3%). The study contributes to the growing body of literature on venture capital in emerging economies by providing empirical evidence from investee firms' perspectives, highlighting both the transformative potential and persistent constraints within India's VC ecosystem. Key recommendations include streamlining regulatory frameworks, enhancing cross-border collaborations, and strengthening startup ecosystems to maximize VC impact on innovation and economic development.
creator: Manoj Kumar, Ridhi Khattar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 250
ending page: 264

From Automation to Augmentation: The Role of AI in Strategic Decision-Making
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now an organization disruptive factor that has transformed the strategic decision-making process in today's world. AI was previously thought of as all about automation, which mainly involved replacing repetitive and routine jobs, for more efficient operations. But all the recent advancements in machine learning, predictive analytics, natural language processing, and data-driven intelligence have taken it more than just automation and moved towards augmentation, where AI can complement human expertise to better inform managerial decisions. This research study reviews the changing landscape of AI in strategic decision-making and delves into the ways AI-driven systems are helping organizations to enhance the quality, timeliness, and accuracy of business decisions.
creator: Snigdha Sidharth
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 265
ending page: 276

Teachers as Digital Facilitators: Training Needs in ICT-Enhanced Education
type: item
description: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been adopted quickly by the pedagogies of education and has become a way to facilitate learning rather than provide knowledge, which has changed the role of the teacher. In modern classrooms, teachers should be proficient and competent in using digital tools, online platforms, multimedia and interactive resources to engage and enrich students. While the effective use of ICTs in education critically relies on teachers' digital skills, flexibility in teaching methods, and their ongoing professional development, these factors can be correlated. This study explores how the role of the teacher has changed to become a digital facilitator and what training is essential for teachers to become effective digital facilitators in the teaching and learning process. The paper discusses issues associated with the use of educational technologies by teachers, such as lack of technical competence, lack of professional training, lack of confidence in technology change and lack of institutional support. It highlights the importance of pedagogically structured training courses in digital literacy, pedagogical design, virtual classrooms management, online assessment methods, the use of emerging technologies, etc. The study also highlights the importance of building up teachers' confidence and preparedness in applying digital tools in various learning environments. The research is based on literature review and contemporary educational practices, and the effect of targeted ICT training on the effectiveness of teaching, participation of students and inclusive learning environment. The results indicate that ongoing capacity development and policy support is crucial in enabling teachers to respond to the demands of technologically driven education. Furthermore, opportunities for collaborative learning, mentoring, and experiential learning are excellent ways of improving teachers' digital skills. The study finds that competent teacher trainin…
creator: Amarjeet Kaur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 277
ending page: 287

Teacher 2.0: The Changing Role of Educators in the Age of Intelligent EdTech
type: item
description: The world of intelligent education technology (Edtech) is improving by leaps and bounds and this affects the way teaching and learning are conducted, setting new definitions for the role of a teacher in the modern classroom environment. This paper investigates the new role of teachers in an AI-driven world with adaptive learning systems, learning analytics, virtual classrooms, and digital collaboration platforms. Education professionals are now teaching learners to be understanders rather than just providers of knowledge, they are becoming facilitators, mentors, instructional designers and learning experience managers. The study investigates the applications of the intelligent EdTech tools for personalized learning, real-time assessment, student engagement, and data-driven instructional decision. The study is descriptive and analytical with literature related to contemporary technology and technology enhanced education and emerging pedagogies. It focuses on the possibilities provided by intelligent technologies to improve accessibility, the inclusion of persons and learning outcomes and on the importance of human interaction, emotional intelligence, judgment of values and critical thinking in the learning process. The next generation of Teachers, Teacher 2.0 and its characteristics of digital literacy, technological pedagogical knowledge, adaptability and continuous professional development are also explored in this study. Based on the results, it can be concluded that intelligent EdTech does not replace teachers, but supplements teachers' work, lessens teachers' routine work, and provides teachers with more flexible teaching. But obstacles like the lack of access to technology, issues around data privacy, reluctance to change, and a lack of training are also major impediments to successful implementation. The paper gives perspective on the need to support the successful implementation of the intelligent technologies in education through institutional support, polic…
creator: Neelima Choudaraju
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 288
ending page: 298

Behavioural Finance Perspectives on Digital Investment Platforms
type: item
description: Digital investment platforms have revolutionized the investment market by making financial markets accessible to anyone via mobile apps, robo-advisors, online trading platforms and digital wealth management services. All these changes have brought the process of investing more democratic, economic and inclusive. However, investing on digital platforms isn't always a logical approach. Behavioural finance proposes that psychological biases, feelings and cognitive restrictions can have a significant bearing on the behaviour of investors, which can frequently result in poor investment results. The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of behavioural finance on investment decisions in digital investment platforms. In this study, the authors look at the consequences of such behavioural biases on investor decisions in the digital environment: overconfidence, herd behaviour, loss aversion, anchoring, mental accounting and confirmation bias. The study also examines how the design of platforms, availability of real-time info, social media integration, and algorithm-driven suggestions affect the decision-making procedure of investors. The paper reviews existing literature and trends in digital finance to shed light on the connection between technology innovation and investor psychology. The results suggest that digital platforms have the potential to enhance access and convenience, but can also exacerbate behavioural biases by facilitating quick and easy trading, hasty decision making and information from peers. Meanwhile, sophisticated analytical and data tools, customized investment counselling, and robo-advisory services can assist investors in making sounder choices and minimise the influence of cognitive biases. The study highlights that the rational investment behaviour can be fostered through investor education, financial literacy, and responsible platform design. In summary, the study contributes to the general knowledge of digital investing and behavioural financ…
creator: Padma Mahadevan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 299
ending page: 310

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern HR Practices
type: item
description: Human Resource Management (HRM) is the game changers sector in the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) which is not just related to recruitment, but also related to the management, development and retention of employees. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Resource Management (HRM) is a revolutionary tool that is changing the way companies go about their recruitment, managing, developing and retaining talent. Companies have been able to streamline their operations, make informed decisions, and create data-driven HR strategies thanks to the use of AI-driven tools in HR. It explores the different aspects of employee experience where AI is changing the HR landscape in the current landscape, including recruitment, employee engagement, performance management, in-house training, workforce analytics and employee retention. The research methodology used is descriptive and analytical which consists of literature review and analysis of existing reports and references from the industry and discussion about the emerging trends in HR technology. Based on the results, the AI-powered solutions have streamlined the recruitment process, automated cumbersome tasks such as screening resumes and matching with candidates, and assisted hiring agents in making hiring insights. Hiring agents also saved time and money in their hiring process. In addition, AI allows the customisation of learning and allows for constant performance monitoring, and even mood analysis of employees to cater to their needs and react accordingly. Moreover, the study reveals the future of HR Analytics and how AI can help HR managers overcome the challenge of employee skills shortage and predict their future HR requirements, while optimizing the performance of their employees. Yet, there are many hurdles in the way of the use of AI to adopt it, such as issues around data privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, and the potential threat to some job roles. However, it is important to use AI responsibly, and have eth…
creator: Seema Zagade
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
volume: 16
number: 2
starting page: 311
ending page: 321