Tribal Development in Tripura: Past and Present

Abstract

This paper aims to explore the tribal development in Tripura, focusing on the past and present socio-economic changes, particularly the impact of shifting cultivation, land reforms, education, and language preservation. Tripura, a historically rich state, has a complex history, including its evolution from a princely state to its integration into India in 1949. It delves into the historical evolution of the tribal community in Tripura, from the traditional practice of shifting cultivation (huk) that sustained the indigenous population, to the challenges faced due to demographic shifts, deforestation, and land policies. Despite numerous rehabilitation efforts, such as those initiated by the government to settle shifting cultivators through rubber plantations, the success of these schemes has been limited. Education has expanded, yet disparities remain, particularly in tribal areas. Efforts to promote tribal languages, notably Kokborok, have gained momentum since the 1970s, culminating in the establishment of Kokborok language courses in Universities. The paper also examines the rehabilitation efforts for shifting cultivators, the expansion of education, particularly for tribal students, and the recognition and promotion of tribal languages like Kokborok. Additionally, the creation of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) under the Sixth Schedule was intended to provide autonomy and promote tribal development, but challenges persist, including insufficient funding and a gap between the Council’s powers and the aspirations of the indigenous population. Through this analysis, the paper highlights the complex interplay of culture, economy, and politics in shaping tribal development in Tripura.