Enhancing the Multi-Level Governance Framework for Sustainable Public Procurement in India: Emerging Challenges and Future Prospects

Abstract

In this paper, we take a fresh look at the hurdles and opportunities of putting Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP) into practice across India’s federal system. With public procurement accounting for nearly 20–30% of our GDP, ensuring that every layer of government follows sustainable practices is more than just a bureaucratic goal—it’s an economic and environmental necessity. Drawing on a blend of methods—including comparative case studies, regression analysis of CPWD tenders, and insights from stakeholder interviews—we propose a comprehensive Multi-Level Governance (MLG) framework. This framework, which puts digital tools like blockchain at the forefront, aims to boost transparency and accountability in procurement. By examining states such as Kerala and Uttar Pradesh, we show how varying policy priorities and gaps in digital integration can be addressed through integrated national legislation and a dedicated Central-State Coordination Council. Our analysis, which also reflects current industry practices, suggests that the future of SPP in India rests on smart coordination and digital transformation.