Mobile-First and LMS-Centric E-Learning Tools: Adoption and Preference Trends in Karnataka’s Higher Education

Abstract

This research investigates the changing trends in e-learning tool uptake in the higher education system in Karnataka, and particularly the increasing use of mobile devices and Learning Management Systems (LMSs). Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the study identifies how performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence determine the behavioural intentions of students and Faculty in utilizing digital learning environments. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, primary data was gathered through organized questionnaires from 600 participants - 400 students and 200 faculty of urban and rural colleges in Karnataka. The findings present a clear preference for mobile-first learning, with smartphones as the most common device used by students. The most used platforms were Google Classroom and Moodle, with students liking Google Classroom for its mobile optimization and Moodle being liked by faculty for its academic use. Regression analysis indicated that effort expectancy and performance expectancy strongly affected adoption, while social influence played a minor role. Importantly, rural users demonstrated high intention to use e-learning tools despite infrastructural issues, indicating a motivated but underserved population. The research highlights the importance of mobile-friendly, low-bandwidth learning solutions and systematic instructor training to bridge digital skill gaps. It suggests a hybrid approach that combines access through mobile and institutional backup and advocates more investment in rural digital infrastructure. By understanding critical behavioral drivers and access inequalities, this study contributes to policymaking, digital equity, and long-term e-learning plans in Indian higher education.